Raporty IChTJ. Seria B nr 1/2023
(Wykorzystanie promieniowania jonizującego w obróbce osadów ściekowych w celu ich higienizacji oraz dezintegracji)
Marcin Sudlitz
Amounts of sewage sludge (SS) produced every year have a tendency to increase due to developing urbanization and rising number of people all over the world. SS is a waste product obtained in wastewater purification process conducted in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as the effect of sedimentation in primary settlers and aerobic purification process in activated sludge tank. As a source of nutrients, it can be utilized as a feedstock for biogas fermentation process or as a fertilizer, and forms of SS disposal, such as incineration or landfilling, not only can be considered as tremendous waste but also are disadvantageous for the environment. Nevertheless, as the SS is the product originated from municipal wastewater, it contains variety of pathogents such as parasitic worms ova, protozoa, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi, etc. Therefore certain steps must be taken to eliminate mentioned threats before any agricultural use. Also before feeding SS into anaerobic digester to produce biomethane, hygienization process has to be performed while methane fermentation does not guarantee the removal of pathogens and waste from methane fermentation – the digestate is later distributed on the fields as an organic fertilizer. Introducing pathogens into the soil intended for agriculture may cause entering these threats to crops and subsequently infecting humans and animals. The amounts of chosen pathogens, which are Salmonella spp. and viable ova of three species of helminths: human roundworm (Ascaris sp.), carnivorous animal roundworm (Toxocara sp.), and human whipworm (Trichuris sp.), are regulated by the EU law as well as internal regulations of member states, including Poland. One of the possible ways to remove pathogenic organisms from SS is irradiation, as it can interact with DNA of living cells, damaging it, or interact with water molecules, leading to water radiolysis which produces highly reactive radical species. These species can also damage DNA or cell membranes, leading to cell death. An irradiation dose required to remove pathogens from SS can range from 3-4 to 15 kGy. Irradiation of sewage sludge brings one more profit which is disintegration – the effect causing the release of easily soluble organic nutrients from solid to liquid phase. Biomass processed in this way can be digested more easily, so methane fermentation process can be conducted more efficiently.