Monografie - 2010
M. R. A. Pillai
Radionuclide therapy using radiopharmaceuticals is an important branch of nuclear medicine which is emerging as a complementary modality for the treatment of cancer. Availability of sophisticated targeting molecules and radionuclides with suitable decay characteristics are contributing to the enhanced success rate of radionuclide therapy. Since 1987, the author was involved in the research towards the development of therapeutic radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. This monograph, ‘Metallic radionuclides and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals’, reflects his personal experience of over 23 years in the field of radioisotope production and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals development.
The monograph is thematically organized to ten chapters. The monograph starts with a general introductory chapter on the glimpse of the history of the evolution of the therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals field and author’s introduction and involvement in the field. Chapter 2 describes the principles involved in radionuclide therapy and outlines the general steps behind the development of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. The different areas where therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are used are also described in this chapter. Chapter 3 reviews the radionuclides that can be used for targeted therapy. The chapter starts with an analysis on the expected demand for therapeutic radionuclides which is based on the potential for targeted therapy of different applications. The selection criteria for a suitable radionuclide for therapy are discussed and the strategies for identifying successful radionuclides for therapy are also elaborated. In addition to beta– emitters, alpha particle and Auger electron emitting radionuclides are also discussed in the chapter.
Chapter 4-10 are arranged based on the radionuclides studied by the author for the development of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Chapter 4 describes the production of 105Rh and its radiochemical processing; preparation of suitable bifunctional chelating agents that will complex rhodium and conjugation of the preformed 105Rh complexes with proteins. Preparation of rhodium complexes at macroscopic levels and characterization of the complexes by X-ray diffraction studies forms part of the chapter.
The radionuclidic characteristics and production methods of the two rhenium radionuclides, 186Re and 188Re are described in chapter 5. Development of 188W/188Re generator and post-elution concentration of 188Re using electrochemical method are also described. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals development with the rhenium radionuclides is described and the chapter ends with an analysis on the possible reasons which prevented the widespread use of rhenium radiopharmaceuticals.
The reactor produced, 166Ho is a high energy beta– emitting radionuclide suitable for therapeutic applications. Chapter 6 describes the production of 166Ho and development of a radiopharmaceutical for radiation synovectomy and intravascular radionuclide therapy (IVRNT).
Ytterbium-175 being a low energy beta– emitter offers the possibility to be developed into radiopharmaceuticals for bone pain palliation as well as for small joint radiosynovectomy. The logistics of production of 175Yb as well as the preparation and pharmacokinetic evaluation of 175Yb based polyaminophosphonate ligands are described in chapter 7.
Yttrium-90 is one of the most important radionuclides for therapy and chapter 8 is devoted to the production of 90Y and development of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals with 90Y. The development of novel generator technologies for the preparation of 90Y suitable for radionuclide therapy is described and the details of an electrochemical generator, ‘Kamadhenu’, are provided. The development of extraction paper chromatography (EPC) for the estimation of 90Sr radionuclidic impurity in 90Y is described. The above two developments namely ‘Kamadhenu’ and EPC are important contributions that will enhance the availability and safety of 90Y used for therapy. A brief review of 90Y radiopharmaceuticals is provided which is followed by details of the work done towards the development of 90Y radiopharmaceuticals.
Lutetium-177 is emerging as an important radionuclide for targeted therapy. Chapter 9 starts with a review of 177Lu radiopharmaceuticals followed by a discussion on production of 177Lu by direct and indirect route. Author’s contributions towards the development of 177Lu radiopharmaceuticals are detailed in the chapter. Details of the work done on the clinical translation of 177Lu-EDTMP to a viable bone pain palliating agent are described in the chapter. Chapter 10 describes the potential for the development of a cost effective radiopharmaceutical for bone pain palliation using the easily producible radionuclide, 170Tm. The rationale for the development of a 170Tm based agent and the advantages of 170Tm over 89Sr are also described. The details on the development of 170Tm-EDTMP and its biological evaluation are provided. The author proposes a mixed radionuclide therapy using 170Tm together with 153Sm or 177Lu for getting both long- and short-term relief while using radionuclide based bone pain palliating agents.
The monograph ends with an epilogue which lists the important contributions of the author on therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals which will have an impact on the availability of therapeutic radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals.